THE UNTOLD ORIGIN OF POLICING
A Curriculum Inspired by Empire City
Built alongside the award-winning podcast Empire City, this free high school curriculum helps students trace the roots of policing, media, capitalism, and power in 19th-century New York – and follow those roots straight to the present.
About the Curriculum
The systems shaping modern day policing and our concept of public safety today didn’t appear out of nowhere. This curriculum goes back to 19th-century New York City to show students exactly how they were built – who built them, who they were built for, and who’s been paying the price ever since.
Each lesson pairs with an episode of the award-winning podcast Empire City, hosted by journalist and scholar Chenjerai Kumanyika. Students listen to episodes before class, then dig into historical case studies and primary sources to ask the harder questions: How do institutions respond when power is challenged? Who controls the public narrative – and why? When the rules change, who wins?
This is about thinking like a researcher: analyzing evidence, building arguments, and connecting the past to the world students are actually living in. This curriculum is aligned with NCSS historical thinking standards.
Download the Implementation GuideINTENDED AUDIENCE & SETTING
- Grade Level: High School (Grades 10–12)
- Course Context: U.S. History, Social Studies, Civics or Humanities
- Instructional Setting: In-school classroom
Total Length: 8 core lessons tied to each podcast episode (approximately one class period each), plus 1 optional culminating student project (2–5 class periods)
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Lesson 1: Slavery, Slave Patrols & Bounty Hunters: Modern Day Policing Beg
Guiding Question: What does policing have to do with the institution of slavery?
Download Lesson 1
Purpose: Establish how law enforcement has historically upheld unequal systems of power
Pacing: 60–90 minutes -
Lesson 2: The Formation of the NYPD: A New Mode of Managing Poor and Black People
Guiding Question: What role did the media play in shaping the NYPD?
Download Lesson 2
Purpose: Build media literacy through historical examples
Pacing: 60–90 minutes -
Lesson 3: Political Leaders and Their Use of Police to Build Political Power
Guiding Question: Why did New York Mayor Wood use the NYPD? What cost did his ambition play? How does this relate to contemporary political power?
Download Lesson 3
Purpose: Examine how political power shapes policing
Pacing: 60–90 minutes -
Lesson 4: The 1863 Draft Riots
Guiding Question: Why does Black self-determination threaten American institutions? Why did white people riot against Black people in response to a government draft?
Download Lesson 4
Purpose: Analyze mass violence and state response
Pacing: 1–2 class periods
*Sensitive content note: Includes racial violence; teachers may provide opt-out options -
Lesson 5: The Moral Crusade: Policing of “Morality”
Guiding Question: Why did the police begin policing “purity” and enforcing religious “morality?”
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Purpose: Investigate how morality becomes law
Pacing: 60–90 minutes -
Lesson 6: The Rotten Orchard: Corruption and Capitalism
Guiding Question: How is what we understand as “corruption” just a part of capitalist institutions?
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Purpose: Explore corruption, reform, and economic power
Pacing: 60–90 minutes -
Lesson 7: Empire at Home: Imperialism, Power, and Policing in New York City
Guiding Question: How did imperial power abroad influence policing and social control within New York City?
Download Lesson 7
Purpose: Connect imperial ideologies to domestic policing
Pacing: 60–90 minutes -
Lesson 8: Does Diversity Change Police Forces?: The Limits of Representation
Guiding Question: Are institutions violent because they lack diversity? Do they change when they diversify?
Download Lesson 8
Purpose: Prepare students for synthesis and debate
Pacing: 60–90 minutes -
Optional Lesson 9: If Not the Police, Then What? Designing Systems for Safety
Guiding Question: How can communities be kept safe without relying on police, and what systems would be needed to do so?
Download Lesson 9
Purpose: Students synthesize historical insights to reimagine systems of safety
Pacing: 2-5 days